POPULATION GROWTH AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA 1981-2011

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Over the years if has become established that the existence of an efficient
human capital is the key to economic growth and development in any nation. This
seems from the fact that every other facility and resources required for economic
development is driven by the availability of human capital. More so, in the absence
of effective human capital development, an increasing population can have adverse
negative effect on the economic growth of a nation. This is because a lot more
resources are taken out to manage and cater for the teeming population that the
same can generate.

It is therefore correct to state that the economic growth of a nation is
significantly dependent on the growth of its population. This effect or impact can
be either negative or positive depending at the existence of certain factors and
conditions, when studied and understood can be managed or controlled to ensure
continuous and sustainable economic growth and development. Meier (1984).

Economic development and growth depend on many factors or variables. These variables include variable resources, capital, population and technology. Development is also dependent on growth. Lipase (1963).

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People have often said to crucial to the development of every society. Growth in population is one of the components of economic growth (wish the associated, although delayed increase in the labour force) has traditionally been considered a positive factor in stimulating economic growth and development. Lipase (1963).

The  relationship  between  economic  development  and  the  growth  of population is theoretically held to be positive especially when the population is largely productive and not dependent. Increased economic growth does not by itself guarantee economic development it makes economic development possible.
Havey (1983). Economic growth enables improvements or positive changes to take place in various of economic activity due to increased production of goods and services.  Larger  population  provide  the  need  consumers  demand  to  generate favourable economies of scale in production to costs of labour force means more productive man power in the economy.

The ability for a country to effectively exploit natural resources is dependent
on among other things, the managerial and technical skills of its people. It is the
people  who  exploit  natural  resources, accurate capital  and  carry out  national
political  organizations  and  carry  out  national  development  programms.  Thus,
labour is the major contributor to prosperity and growth. Tadaro, (1982).

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According to the theory of demographic transition growth occurs only after country would have undergone different levels of population growth to arrive to an optimum wide will naturally lead to growth.

A more conventional economic argument is that population growth in many third world countries a region is in-fact desirably to stimulate economic growth and development.

This is not a case in Nigeria; Nigeria is a less developed country and a highly populated one at that, more so her growth rate has always been very low, compared with the increase in population. This features of the nation is an cause for concern.

During the study, it is necessary to state that because development has no unit  if  measurement  and  because of  lack  of  reliable  date on  its  components economic growth will be used as a proxy for measuring development. This is because economic growth is the one component from which other components spin off and to which other components are related.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Growth is a complex process as development is a multi dimensional one. The nature and causes of growth go beyond what is expressed by improvement in Gross Domestic Product.

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Every  economics  primary  objective  is  to  develop  in  the  medium  or intermediate, this objective is stated as the need for growth. In the short run it is stated as the need for growth to attain whatever improvement is necessary for growth.  In  relation  to  this  study  the  condition  necessary  for  economics development and growth is population growth while growth itself is a condition necessary for development.

Population growth is the rate of which a given population multiplies itself. The population growth rate is as important to economists as the size of the population. Governments and economists would like to know if the population is growing faster or slower than the rates of other economic indicators.

Economics growth refers to the study process by the productive capacity of the economy is increased overtime to bring about increase in the output of goods and services and rising levels of national income. (Hodder’s (1980).

The growth in the output of goods and services (i.e growth in GDP). It is the process by which national income or output is increased. An economy is said to be growing if there is a sustained increase in the actual output of goods and service per head. Meier GM (1984).

The rate of economic growth therefore measures increase in real national income, during a given period of time, usually a year.

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Economic development is not the same as economic growth. It means more
than mere growth of the economy (in terms of increased output) it is in the process
of increasing  substantial positive transformation in the various  sectors of the
economy. Meier GM (1984). The positive changes which take place improve the
general rise in the standard of living of the masses with economic development;
there are structural transformations in the different sectors of the economy as well
as general improvement in different areas of the country, leading to increase
economic welfare of the citizens. Economic development on the other hand is
generally defined as consisting of “Improvement” in the various aspects of the life
of the entire population of a country such improvements are generally manifested
in greater numbers of useful tools for employable persons, higher real incomes,
better health conditions, (literacy) and better government services.

Given  Nigerians  economic  structure,  population  and  rate  of  economic
expansion, most people have blamed Nigerians low growth and development on a
high population that is large and not very productive. Other has opined that the
little growth the country has attained is a direct consequence of a large population.

These divergences question the theoretical relationship between populated
but not growing but China is highly populated and growing rapidly. Also the
growth of population in Western Europe has lead to its rapid industrialization. This

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study is prompted by the need to understand population growth and economic development in Nigeria.

The Nigeria population has been growing while the rate of economic growth has such little improvement the question on how best to exploit the theoretical relationship between population growth and economic development has persisted for long and it has become necessary to asses the issues. Thus, this scenario prompts us to find out whether the increasing population growth has a positive or negative effect on Nigerians development.

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION

The following questions point to our research

1.  Does population growth hamper economic growth?

2.  Does population growth have any effect on income?

1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The following of the study research includes the followings

1.  To determine whether a relationship exists between population growth and
     economic development.

2.  To determine the direction of causality between population growth and
     economic growth.

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1.5 HYPOTHESIS

The study will be guided by the following hypothesis

HO: There is no significant relationship between population growth and economic development in Nigeria.

Ha: b1=0: There is no direction of causality between population growth and economic development in Nigeria.

1.6 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY

The importance of the research is to be appreciated by all since concepts of population  growth  economic  growth  and  development  affects  everybody irrespective of class, status or occupation.

However,  the  study  will  be  importance  to  the  following  categories  of persons.

i.        Government (policy makers)

The government will benefit from the study since it will provide the basics for making policy changes and formulating future policies. It helps the economy in planning for development.

ii.       Students: The study is important to students since it will reveal more details
and  provide  more  information  for  those  who  are  interested  in  finding  out

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