EFFECTS OF NEWSPAPER CARTOON AS A TOOL FOR POLITICAL COMMUNICATION (A STUDY OF SUN NEWSPAPER FROM JANUARY TO APRIL 2015)
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EFFECTS OF NEWSPAPER CARTOON AS A TOOL FOR POLITICAL COMMUNICATION (A STUDY OF SUN NEWSPAPER FROM JANUARY TO APRIL 2015)
ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of Guinness advertising jingles and sloganeering campaign on consumers’ buying behavior in Enugu metropolis. The researcher stated the major problem that prompted her to embark on the study. Relevant literatures concerning the study were reviewed from both primary and secondary sources. The researcher used a sample size of 400 which was drawn from the population of 722,664 using Taro Yamane formula. In addition, the use of simple percentages was adopted to analyze the data generated from the study. The researcher also used chi- square (x2) goodness fit in testing the hypotheses. Consequently, it was found that Guinness malt slogan “love at first sip” influence consumers’ buying behavior of Guinness malt. In all, the researcher recommended that Guinness should re-design their advert jingles and slogans in a way that motivate their audience behavior. Such enhancement should also place the product in high quality and acceptable to their teeming target consumers.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Approval page
Dedication
Abstract
Acknowledgement
Table of contents
List of table
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study…………………………………………………1
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem……………………………………3
1.3 Objectives of the Study……………………………………………………….4
1.4 Significance of the Study……………………………………………………5
1.5 Research Questions………………………………………………………….5
1.6 Research Hypotheses……………………………………………………….6
1.7 Theoretical Framework…………………………………………………..7
1.8 Scope of the Study…………………………………………………………..11
1.9 Limitations of the Study…………………………………………………11
1.10 Definition of Terms…………………………………………………….12
References ……………………………………………………………..14
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Sources of Literature Review …………………………………………15
2.2 Review of Relevant Literature ………………………………..15
2.3 Summary of Literature ……………………………………………29
References ……………………………………………………………..31
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Method ……………………………………………………..33
3.2 Research Design ………………………………………………………..33
3.3 Area of Study……………………………………………………………….34
3.4 Population of Study ……………………………………………………34
3.5 Research Sample…………………………………………………………34
3.6 Sampling Technique………………………………………………………36
3.7 Instrument of Data Collection……………………………………………36
3.8 Method of Data Collection …………………………………………………36
3.9 Method of Data Analysis……………………………………………………37
3.10 Expected Results …………………………………………………………..38
References………………………………………………………………….39
CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION S OF DATA
4.1 Data Presentation and Analysis………………………………………40
4.2 Test of Hypotheses ……………………………….................................46
4.3 Discussion of Results…………………………………………………….50
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary …………………………………………………………..53
5.2 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………54
5.3 Recommendations……………………………………………….55
Bibliography…………………………………………………………….56
Appendix I………………………………………………………………….59
Appendix II ……………………………………………………………….60
LIST OF TABLE
Table 4:1 Distribution of Questionnaire…………………………………34
Table 4: 2: Analysis of Marital Status……………………………………34
4:3: Educational Qualifications…………………………………………35
4:4: Age of Respondents ………………………………………………35
4:5: Do advertising Jingles and Slogans Play a role in influencing Consumer buying behavior of Guinness malt? ………………………36
4:6: How adequate are the music tune and message incorporated in the advertising Jingle Slogans of Guinness Nigeria Plc in promoting Guinness s malt ………………………36
4: 7 Does Guinness Nigeria Plc live up to expectation of what is promised in its advertising Jingles and slogans for Guinness
Malt? ……………………………………37
4.8 Is there any significant relationship between the media type and effectiveness of advertising and Jingles and slogans ……………37
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Advertising business is a form of marking communication used to encourage, persuade, or manipulate an audience (viewers, readers, or history’s, sometime a specific group to take or centime to take some action, (Allens, 2009p12)
Most commonly, the desired results is to drive consumer behavior with respect to a commercial offering.
Advertising jingles and slogans are at the front of delivering the proper message to customers and prospective customers. The purpose of advertising jingles and slogans according to Bell and Cassidy(2012p76) is to convince customers that a company’s services are the best, enhance the image of the company, point out and create a need or products or service demonstrated new uses for established products and programmers, reinforce the sales people’s individual messages, draw customers to the business and to hold existing customer. The essence is to effect consumer buying behavior.
An advertising slogan is a catchy phrase or series of words used to help consumers remember A company, brand or product (calvert, 2009 p12) for instance, the advertising slogan used by Guinness malt is” love at first sip” while on the other hand, advertising jingle is a short tune used in advertising and for other commercial use. The jingles contains one or more looks and meaning that explicitly promote the product being advertised, usually through the use of one or more advertising slogans. Advertising, buying’ use jingles in radio and television commercial/ they can also be used in non- advertising contexts to establish or maintain a brand image. Jingles are form of sound branding. Companies create advertising slogans and jingles to use in various marking efforts in the hope that phrases and music will stick in people’s mind.
That way, when a consumer needs a product or series ‘offered by a variety of companies, that consumer will choose the product or service that is top- of – mind from slogans recognition .
Jingles are similar to slogans in that they are catchy and used to associate a specific company, product or brand. Jingles tent to be musical, though, where as slogans do not need to be accompanies by music (cook, 20011: 72). However, slogans can become jingles; slogans that is sung, is a jingle. Guinness malt’s “ love at first sip slogan often is sung in the company’s commercials, marking it a jingle as well.
Most commonly, the desire to use advertising slogans and jingles are is to drive consumer behaviors with respect to a commercial offering, although political and ideological advertising is also common. The purpose may also be to reassure employees or shareholders that a company is viable or successful.
Gills (2007) noted that commercial advertisers who used ad a slogans and jingles often seek to generate an increased consumption of their products or service though “ branding “ which involves the repetition of an image or product name in an effort to associate certain qualities with the brand in the minds of consumers. Therefore, the essence of advertising slogans and jingles is to influence consumer beheviour. It is based on this premise that this project work evaluates advertising jingles and sloganeering campaign on consumers buying habit.
1.2 Statement of the problem
Advertising jingles and slogan are two aspects of advertising that go to some extent in influencing consumer buying habit. However, the inadequacy in the construction of the appropriate message or music tune in ad slogan and jingles may end up influencing consumer buying habit negatively. This is due to the fact that slogans for instance are often retained in memories but once they are not appealing to the mined as they relate to the products being promoted, it may not have the influence on consumer buying habit.
Much emphasis is laid on the caliber of message r music being carried by the Nigeria Plc that use ad slogans and jingles, yet failed to live up to expectation of what is promised in the advertisement . for instance, in the case of Guinness malt whose slogan is “ love at first sip, most times the first sip of such drinks is disgusting due to certain factors which the company failed to take into consideration before selling its products to the public.
The in appropriate selection of the media in reading the jingles and slogans in achieving its purpose for the company or organization.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The broad objective of this project work is to evaluate advertising jingles and sloganeering campaign on consumer buying behavior.
The specific objectives include the following:
1. To determine the role of advertising jingles and slogans in influencing consumer buying behavior of Guinness malt.
2. To determine the adequacy of the music tune and message incorporated in the advertising jingles and slogans of cuisines malt.
3. To investigate whether Guinness Nigeria Plc live up to expectations of what is promised in its advertising jingles and slogans for Guinness malt
4. To determine the relationship existing between the media types and effectiveness
1.4 Significance of the Study
This project work will be of immense significance to the management and staff of Guinness Nigeria Plc it will go to extent to enlighten them on the concepts their role in promoting products and influencing consumers’ behavior
Students and other researcher will widen their scope in the information contained in this project work.
1.5 Researcher Questions
The following researcher questions are formulated for the purpose of this project work.
1. Do advertising jingles and slogans play any role in influencing consumer buying behavior of Guinness malt?
2. How adequate are the music and message incorporated in the advertising jingle and slogans of Guinness Nigeria Plc in promoting cuisine malt.
3. Does Guinness Nigeria live up to expectations of what is promised in its advertising jingles and slogans for Guinness malt.
4. Is there any significant relationship existing between media and effectiveness of advertising jingles and slogans
1.6 Research Hypotheses
A hypothesis is a prediction of relationship between one or more factors and the problem under study that can be tested (Anyianuka et al, 2010,p.2) the research formulated the following hypotheses
H1: Advertising jingles and slogans do not play any role in influencing consumer buying behavior of cuisine malt
H2: The music tune and message incorporated in the advertising jingle and slogans of Guinness Nigeria Plc in promoting cuisines malt is not adequate.
H3: Guinness Nigeria Plc lives up to expectation of what is promised in its advertising jingle and slogans for cuisines malt.
Ho: cuisines Nigeria Plc does not live up to expectation of what is promised in its advertising jingle and slogans for Guinness malt
H4: A significant relationship exists between the media type and effectiveness of advertising jingles and slogans
Ho: A significant relationship does not exist between the media type and effectiveness of advertising jingle and slogans
1.7 Theoretical Framework
The theoretical framework of this study is based on the hierarchy of effects model.
Among other advertising theories, the hierarchy of effects model is predominant. It shows clear steps of how advertising works. The hierarchy of effects model was formulated by Robert Lavidge and Gary Steiner in 1961 the theory is a six – step hierarchical framework that proposes that sales people and create desire in order to be successful.
Hierarchy of effects model can be explained with the help of a pyramid. First the lower level of objectives such as awareness, knowledge or comprehension are accomplished. Subsequent objectives may focus on moving prospects to higher levels in the pyramid to provoke desired behavioral Reponses such as associating techings with the brand, trial, or regular use, etc. it is easier to accomplish adverting pyramid than the ones
Hierarchy of Effects Model
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Awareness: the customer becomes aware of the product through advertising. The is a challenging step, there is no guarantee that’s customer will be aware of the product brand after they view the advert.
Knowledge: the customer begins to gain knowledge about the product, for example through the internet, retail advisors and product packaging
Liking: As the title a state, this step is about ensuring that the customer likes your product. As an advertiser what features can you promote to encourage the customer to the your product?
Performance: Customer may like more then one product brand and could end up buying any one of them. At this stage advertisers will want the consumer to disconnect from rival products and focus on their particular product.
Conviction: this stage is about Creating the customers desire to purchase the product. Advertiser may encourage conviction by allowing consumers to test or sample the product
Purchase: Having proceeded through the above stages, the advertiser wants the customer to purchases their product. This stage needs to be simple and easy , otherwise the customer will gad fed up and walk away without a purchase.
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Source: www. Lear marking. Com
Toward s the top the percentage do prospective customers will decline as they move up the pyramid towards more action oriented objectives, such as regular brand use.
It clarifies the objectives of an advertising campaign and for each individual advertisement. The model suggests that there are six steps a consumer or a business buying moves through when making a purchase. The steps are
Awareness: if most of the audience is unaware of the object, the communicator’s task is build awareness, perhaps just name recognition, with simple message repeating the products name, customer must become aware of the brand. This is not as straight forward as it seems. Capturing someone’s attention does not mean they will notice the brand name. Thus, the brand name needs to be made focus to get consumers to become aware. Magazine, but you will have trouble easily seeing the brand name
Knowledge: the target audience might have product awareness but not know much more; hence this stage involves creating brand Knowledge. This is where comprehension of the brand and what it stands for become important
Liking: if the audience looks unfavorably towards the product, the communicator has to find out why. If the unfavorable view is based on real problems, a communication campaign alone cannot do the job. For product problem, it is necessary to first fix the problem and only then can you communicate its renewed quality
Preference: The target audience might like the product but prefer it to others. In this case, the communicator must try to build consumer preference by promoting quality, value, performance and other features. The communicator can check the campaigns success by measuring audience preference before and after the campaign
Conviction: A target audience might prefer a particular product but not develop conviction about it the communicator’s job is build conviction among the target audiences.
Purchase: finally, some members of the target audience might have conviction but not get around to making the purchase. They may wait for more information or plan to act later. The communicator must need these consumer to take the final step, perhaps by offering the product at a low price, offering a premium, or letting consumers tried out. This is where consumer or purchase. Thus advertising is thought to work and follow a certain sequence whereby the prospect is moved through a series of stages in succession from unawareness to the purchase of the product.
1.8 Scope of Study
This project study on advertising jingles and sloganeering campaign on consumer buying behavior, is focused on cuisines malt which is produced and marking by cuisines Nigeria Plc.
1.9 Limitation of the
The researcher lacked enough funds to carry out this research project, thereby leading to a slight decay in the successful completion of this research work
The researcher as well had difficulty gathering the materials which made the process of carrying out this research project a bit difficult.
Finally, the respondents were not realty cooperative to the researcher due to fear of leaking their secret to competitors.
1.10 Definition of Terms (Conceptual & Operations)
Conceptual Definitions
Evaluation: forming an opinion of the amount value or quality of something after thinking about it carefully.
Advertising Jingle: This is an advertising tool in which memorable lyrics are combined with a catchy tune to create an emotional connection between your product and potential customers.
Advertising Slogans: An advertising slogan is a catchy phrase or series of words used to help consumer remember a company, brand or product.
Campaign: A series of planned activities that are intended to achieve a particular social, commercial or political aim.
Consumer: A person who buy goods or use service
Buying Behaviors: This is the study of individuals groups, or organizations and the process they use to select, secure, and dispose of products, service, experiences, or ideas to satisfy needs and the impacts that these processes have on the consumer and society.
Operational Definitions
Evaluation: Forming an opinion of the amount, value or quality of cuisines Nigeria Plc advertising Jingles and Slogan and their effects on consumer.
Advertising Jingle: Advertising jingle is a short tune used in advertising and for other commercial used to influence consumer behavior.
Campaign: A series of planned activities that is intended to win more customers for cuisines Nigeria Plc while retaining the old ones
Consumer: This is operational zed as a person who buys cuisines malt.
Buying Behaviors: This is operationally defined as the diverse attitude exhibited by consumer in the purchase of goods and service.
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